##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.sidebar##
Submitted
Jul 30, 2025
Published
Aug 5, 2025
Download
Statistic
Read Counter : 131
Download : 94
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
Main Article Content
Abstract
Amidst a decade of increasing government agricultural machinery assistance, paddy yield in East Java, a major paddy-producing region in Indonesia, has stagnated, threatening the region's food security. This study evaluates the impact of such assistance on paddy yield. Using Propensity Score Matching (PSM) and Endogenous Switching Regression (ESR) on 2018 and 2021 National Cro-cutting Survey data, we found that, on average, government agricultural machinery assistance significantly increased paddy yield by 0.66 to 0.68 tons per hectare. However, the impact was greater in 2018 (0.9 tons per hectare) than in 2021 (0.14 tons per hectare), with the latter not statistically significant, likely due to the pandemic and the broader adoption of mechanization. OLS regression analysis further suggests that yield gains only occur when assistance aligns with farmers' needs. Our findings underscore the importance of a farmer-centric approach and strengthening farmer institutions to effectively manage the machinery assistance. Expanding mechanization to farmers who have not yet adopted it is also recommended.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Ruslan, K., & Sukma, W. L. (2025). Does Government Agricultural Machinery Assistance Increase Paddy Yield? Impact Evaluation in West Java Province Using Propensity Score Matching. Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Statistik Indonesia, 5(2), 255-270. https://doi.org/10.11594/jesi.05.02.03
References
Ahsani, A. (2021). Pengaruh Subsidi Pupuk, Dana Alokasi Khusus Pertanian Dan Ban-tuan Alsintan Terhadap Produksi Padi (Studi Kasus Di Provinsi Jawa Timur Ta-hun 2015-2019). FEB Student Scientific Journal, 9(2).
Aldillah, R. (2016). Agricultural Mechanization and Its Implications for Food Production Acceleration in Indonesia. Forum Penelitian Agro Ekonomi, 163–177.
Aprianto, E., Hidayati, F., & Rahardjo, K. (2018). The Determinant Factors of Farmland Conversion: Evidence from East Java, Indonesia. In D. Holidin, F. Muchtar, & M. R. U. D. Tambunan (Eds.), 2nd International Conference on Adminis-trative Science, Policy, and Governance Studies 2018 (ICAS-PGS 2018) (pp. 133–144). Depok: FIA UI PRESS.
Ayu, K. R., & Sukojo, B. M. (2023). Analysis of Rice Productivity Estimation in East Java Province And Its Relationship to Poverty. 2023 IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Ge-oscience, Electronics and Remote Sensing Technology (AGERS), 141–148. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/AGERS61027.2023.10490597
Boserup, E., & Chambers, R. (2014). The condi-tions of agricultural growth. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315070360
BPS. (2023). Complete Enumeration Results of the 2023 Agricultural Census: Phase I. Ja-karta.
BPS. (2024). Harvested Area and Paddy Pro-duction in Indonesia 2023 (Executive Summary). Jakarta.
Brown, B., Nuberg, I., & Llewellyn, R. (2017). Stepwise frameworks for understanding the utilisation of conservation agriculture in Africa. Agricultural Systems, 153, 11–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2017.01.012
Brown, B., Paudel, G. P., & Krupnik, T. J. (2021). Visualising adoption processes through a stepwise framework: A case study of mechanisation on the Nepal Te-rai. Agricultural Systems, 192, 103200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103200
Choiroh, A., Diartho, H. C., & Komariyah, S. (2020). Peranan Subsektor Tanaman Pangan Terhadap Perekonomian Jawa Timur : Pendekatan Input - Output. Jurnal Ekonomi Ekuilibrium (JEK), 4(1). Re-trieved from https://jurnal.unej.ac.id/index.php/JEK
Daum, T, & Kirui, O. (2021). Mechanization along the Value Chain. In J. von Braun, A. Admassie, S. Hendriks, G. Tadesse, & H. Baumüller (Eds.), From Potentials to Re-ality: Transforming Africa’s Food Produc-tion. Peter Lang D. https://doi.org/10.3726/b18416
Daum, Thomas. (2023). Mechanization and sustainable agri-food system transfor-mation in the Global South. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 43(1), 16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-023-00868-x
Daum, Thomas, & Birner, R. (2020). Agricul-tural mechanization in Africa: Myths, re-alities and an emerging research agenda. Global Food Security, 26, 100393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100393
Diao, X., Silver, J., & Takeshima, H. (2016). Ag-ricultural Mechanization and Agricultur-al Transformation (No. 1527). Retrieved from SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2778723
Diao, X., & Takeshima, H. (2020). Agricultural mechanization in Ghana: Alternative sup-ply models for tractor hiring services. In X. Diao, H. Takeshima, & X. Zhang (Eds.), An evolving paradigm of agricultural mechanization development: How much can Africa learn from Asia? (pp. 377–400). Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). https://doi.org/10.2499/9780896293809
Dinesta, E. O. (2023). Analisis peran sektor per-tanian terhadap perekonomian provinsi Jawa Timur tahun 2010-2021 (Skripsi). UIN Syarif HIdayatullah Jakarta, Jakarta.
Fahmid, I. M., Wahyudi, Makmun, Akbar, Ashari, H., Rahmawati, Yofa, R. D. (2021). IMPACT OF PROGRAM OF MECHANIZA-TION AGRICULTURE ASSISTANCE ON MAIZE COMMODITY PRODUCTION IN INDONESIA. Ama, Agricultural Mechani-zation in Asia, Africa & Latin America, 52(1), 3039–3048.
Fahmid, I. M., Wahyudi, W., Chaidirsyah, R. M., & Yofa, R. D. (2021). AID IN AGRICUL-TURE MECHANIZATION AND ITS IMPLI-CATIONS TO INCREASING RICE PRO-DUCTION. Ama, Agricultural Mechaniza-tion in Asia, Africa & Latin America, 52(1), 3165–3174.
Feryanto, Herawati, Rifin, A., & Tinaprilla, N. (2022). Does mechanization have an im-pact on increasing productivity and in-come of narrow land corn farmers in In-donesia? IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1107(1), 012054. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1107/1/012054
Guru, P. K., Borkar, N., Debnath, M., Chatterjee, D., Sivashankari, M., Saha, S., & Panda, B. (2018). Rice mechanization in India - key to enhance productivity and profitability. In H. Pathak, A. Nayak, M. Jena, O. SIngh, P. Samal, & S. Sharma (Eds.), Rice re-search for enhancing productivity, profit-ability and climate resilience (pp. 339–353). Cuttack: NRRI.
Hayami, Y., & Ruttan, V. W. (1985). Agricultur-al development : an international per-spective (2nd ed.). Johns Hopkins Univer-sity Press.
Heckman, J. J., Ichimura, H., & Todd, P. E. (1997). Matching As An Econometric Evaluation Estimator: Evidence from Evaluating a Job Training Programme. The Review of Economic Studies, 64(4), 605–654. https://doi.org/10.2307/2971733
Herdiansyah, H., Antriyandarti, E., Rosyada, A., Arista, N. I. D., Soesilo, T. E. B., & Ernawa-ti, N. (2023). Evaluation of Conventional and Mechanization Methods towards Precision Agriculture in Indonesia. Sus-tainability, 15(12), 9592. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129592
Houssou, N., & Chapoto, A. (2015). Adoption of farm mechanization, cropland expansion, and intensification in Ghana. Internation-al Association of Agricultural Economists (IAAE). Milan.
Kadir, K., & Prasetyo, O. R. (2022). Adoption of Agriculture Mechanization on Paddy Farmers in Indonesia: Demographic De-terminants, Internet Access Influence, and The Impact of Adoption on The Yield. Jurnal Aplikasi Statistika & Komputasi Statistik, 14(1), 118–130. https://doi.org/10.34123/jurnalasks.v14i1.392
Kementerian Pertanian. (2018). PEDOMAN TEKNIS PENGADAAN DAN PENYALURAN BANTUAN ALAT DAN MESIN PERTANIAN DIREKTORAT ALAT DAN MESIN PER-TANIAN. Jakarta.
Kementerian Pertanian. (2020a). Statistik La-han Pertanian Tahun 2015-2019. Jakarta.
Kementerian Pertanian. (2020b). Statistik Prasarana dan Sarana Pertanian 2015—2019. Jakarta.
Kementerian Pertanian. PETUNJUK TEKNIS PENYEDIAAN DAN PENY ALU-RAN BANTUAN ALAT DAN MESIN PER-TANIAN TAHUN ANGGARAN 2022. , Pub. L. No. 11/KPTS/SR.420/B/01/2022, Keputusan Direktur Jenderal Prasarana dan Sarana Pertanian (2021). Indonesia.
Khafidzin, A., & Istifadah, N. (2020). Transfor-masi Struktural di Jawa Timur : Pengaruh Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Sektoral ter-hadap Kemiskinan. Media Trend, 15(2), 275–282. https://doi.org/10.21107/mediatrend.v15i2.6789
Lisanty, N., Andajani, W., Pamudjiati, A. D., & Artini, W. (2021). Regional Overview of Food Security from Two Dimensions: Availability and Access to Food, East Java Province. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1899(1), 012067. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1899/1/012067
Magezi, E. F., Nakano, Y., & Sakurai, T. (2023). Mechanization in Tanzania: Impact of Tractorization on Intensification and Ex-tensification of Rice Farming. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8046-6_9
Mrema, G. C., Kienzle, J., & Mpagalile, J. J. (2018). Current Status and Future Pro-spects of Agricultural Mechanization in Sub-Saharan Africa [SSA]. Ama, Agricul-tural Mechanization in Asia, Africa & Lat-in America, 49(2), 14–30.
Nairobi, N., & Caroline, L. (2021). Analysis of Food Inflation in Java and Sumatra Is-lands. Indonesian Journal of Economics, Social, and Humanities, 3(2), 117–129. https://doi.org/10.31258/ijesh.3.2.117-129
Oktavia, H., Hanani, N., & Suhartini, S. (2016). Peran Sektor Pertanian dalam
Pembangunan Ekonomi di Provinsi Jawa Timur (Pendekatan Input-Output). HABI-TAT, 27(2), 72–84. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.habitat.2016.027.2.9
Pangesti, A. W., Darsono, D., & Antriyandarti, E. (2023). CAUSALITY ANALYSIS OF RICE PRICES WITH INFLATION RATE IN IN-DONESIA. Agrisocionomics: Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian, 7(3), 539–549. https://doi.org/10.14710/agrisocionomics.v7i3.16460
Peng, J., Zhao, Z., & Liu, D. (2022). Impact of Agricultural Mechanization on Agricul-tural Production, Income, and Mecha-nism: Evidence From Hubei Province, China. Frontiers in Environmental Sci-ence, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.838686
Pingali, P. (2007). Chapter 54 Agricultural Mechanization: Adoption Patterns and Economic Impact. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0072(06)03054-4
Pingali, P. L. (1997). From Subsistence to Commercial Production Systems: The Transformation of Asian Agriculture. American Journal of Agricultural Eco-nomics, 79(2), 628–634. https://doi.org/10.2307/1244162
Poole, N. (2017). Smallholder Agriculture and Market Participation. Rugby: PRACTICAL ACTION PUBLISHING. https://doi.org/10.3362/9781780449401
Prasada, I. M. Y., Dhamira, A., & Masyhuri. (2019). The potential loss of rice produc-tion due to wetland conversion in East Java. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 230, 012005. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/230/1/012005
Prasetyo, O. R., & Kadir. (2024). Does Govern-ment Assistance Increase the Yield of Food Crops in Indonesia? Jurnal Ekonomi Indonesia, 13(1), 25–41.
Prayoga, A., & Sutoyo. (2017). PRODUKTIVI-TAS DAN PENDAPATAN USAHATANI PADI SAWAH DAMPAK PROGRAM BAN-TUAN ALAT MESIN PERTANIAN, BENIH DAN PUPUK DI KABUPATEN MALANG PROVINSI JAWA TIMUR. Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Pertanian, 24(1).
Prayuginingsih, H., Fauzi, N. F., Badriyah, R., & Jannah, F. (2021). DAMPAK MEKANISASI PERTANIAN TERHADAP PEREKONOMI-AN ANGGOTA KELOMPOK TANI SUMBER REJEKI KECAMATAN BANGSALSARI, KABUPATEN JEMBER. Jurnal AGRISEP: Kajian Masalah Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian Dan Agribisnis, 20(2), 251–264. https://doi.org/10.31186/jagrisep.20.2.251-264
Rahmawati, Y., Ichsan, A. K. N., Brintanti, A. R. D., & Jamil, I. R. (2023). Geo-spatial anal-ysis: the impact of agriculture productivi-ty, drought, and irrigation on poverty in East Java, Indonesia. Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences, 16(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12076-023-00348-6
Rijk, A. G., & UN.ESCAP. (2005). Agricultural mechanization strategy. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12870/4681
Rosenbaum, P. R. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70(1), 41–55. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/70.1.41
Sharma, O., Sultan, A. A., Ding, H., & Triggle, C. R. (2020). A Review of the Progress and Challenges of Developing a Vaccine for COVID-19. Frontiers in Immunology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.585354
Syahyuti, Indraningsih, K. S., Swastika, D. K. S., Susilowati, S. H., & Suharyono, S. (2021). The role of stakeholders to support im-plementation of modern agricultural pro-grams. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 892(1), 012024. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/892/1/012024
Takahashi, K., & Barrett, C. B. (2014). The Sys-tem of Rice Intensification and its Impacts on Household Income and Child School-ing: Evidence from Rural Indonesia. American Journal of Agricultural Eco-nomics, 96(1), 269–289. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aat086
Takeshima, H. (2017). Custom‐hired tractor services and returns to scale in small-holder agriculture: a production function approach. Agricultural Economics, 48(3), 363–372. https://doi.org/10.1111/agec.12339
Verma, S. R. (2006). Impact of Agricultural Mechanization on Production, Productivi-ty,Cropping Intensity Income Generation and Employment of Labour. In STATUS OF FARM MECHANIZATION IN INDIA (pp. 133–153). Ludhiana: Punjab Agricultural University.
Weiner, D., Pingali, P., Bigot, Y., & Binswanger, H. P. (1988). Agricultural Mechanization and the Evolution of Farming Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa. Economic Geogra-phy, 64(4), 391. https://doi.org/10.2307/144242
Wulandari, D., Narmaditya, B. S., Prayitno, P. H., Ishak, S., Sahid, S., & Qodri, L. A. (2020). Nexus between Production Input and Price Commodity: An Integration Analysis of Rice Barns in East Java of In-donesia. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 7(10), 451–459. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no10.451
Aldillah, R. (2016). Agricultural Mechanization and Its Implications for Food Production Acceleration in Indonesia. Forum Penelitian Agro Ekonomi, 163–177.
Aprianto, E., Hidayati, F., & Rahardjo, K. (2018). The Determinant Factors of Farmland Conversion: Evidence from East Java, Indonesia. In D. Holidin, F. Muchtar, & M. R. U. D. Tambunan (Eds.), 2nd International Conference on Adminis-trative Science, Policy, and Governance Studies 2018 (ICAS-PGS 2018) (pp. 133–144). Depok: FIA UI PRESS.
Ayu, K. R., & Sukojo, B. M. (2023). Analysis of Rice Productivity Estimation in East Java Province And Its Relationship to Poverty. 2023 IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Ge-oscience, Electronics and Remote Sensing Technology (AGERS), 141–148. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/AGERS61027.2023.10490597
Boserup, E., & Chambers, R. (2014). The condi-tions of agricultural growth. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315070360
BPS. (2023). Complete Enumeration Results of the 2023 Agricultural Census: Phase I. Ja-karta.
BPS. (2024). Harvested Area and Paddy Pro-duction in Indonesia 2023 (Executive Summary). Jakarta.
Brown, B., Nuberg, I., & Llewellyn, R. (2017). Stepwise frameworks for understanding the utilisation of conservation agriculture in Africa. Agricultural Systems, 153, 11–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2017.01.012
Brown, B., Paudel, G. P., & Krupnik, T. J. (2021). Visualising adoption processes through a stepwise framework: A case study of mechanisation on the Nepal Te-rai. Agricultural Systems, 192, 103200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103200
Choiroh, A., Diartho, H. C., & Komariyah, S. (2020). Peranan Subsektor Tanaman Pangan Terhadap Perekonomian Jawa Timur : Pendekatan Input - Output. Jurnal Ekonomi Ekuilibrium (JEK), 4(1). Re-trieved from https://jurnal.unej.ac.id/index.php/JEK
Daum, T, & Kirui, O. (2021). Mechanization along the Value Chain. In J. von Braun, A. Admassie, S. Hendriks, G. Tadesse, & H. Baumüller (Eds.), From Potentials to Re-ality: Transforming Africa’s Food Produc-tion. Peter Lang D. https://doi.org/10.3726/b18416
Daum, Thomas. (2023). Mechanization and sustainable agri-food system transfor-mation in the Global South. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 43(1), 16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-023-00868-x
Daum, Thomas, & Birner, R. (2020). Agricul-tural mechanization in Africa: Myths, re-alities and an emerging research agenda. Global Food Security, 26, 100393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100393
Diao, X., Silver, J., & Takeshima, H. (2016). Ag-ricultural Mechanization and Agricultur-al Transformation (No. 1527). Retrieved from SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2778723
Diao, X., & Takeshima, H. (2020). Agricultural mechanization in Ghana: Alternative sup-ply models for tractor hiring services. In X. Diao, H. Takeshima, & X. Zhang (Eds.), An evolving paradigm of agricultural mechanization development: How much can Africa learn from Asia? (pp. 377–400). Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). https://doi.org/10.2499/9780896293809
Dinesta, E. O. (2023). Analisis peran sektor per-tanian terhadap perekonomian provinsi Jawa Timur tahun 2010-2021 (Skripsi). UIN Syarif HIdayatullah Jakarta, Jakarta.
Fahmid, I. M., Wahyudi, Makmun, Akbar, Ashari, H., Rahmawati, Yofa, R. D. (2021). IMPACT OF PROGRAM OF MECHANIZA-TION AGRICULTURE ASSISTANCE ON MAIZE COMMODITY PRODUCTION IN INDONESIA. Ama, Agricultural Mechani-zation in Asia, Africa & Latin America, 52(1), 3039–3048.
Fahmid, I. M., Wahyudi, W., Chaidirsyah, R. M., & Yofa, R. D. (2021). AID IN AGRICUL-TURE MECHANIZATION AND ITS IMPLI-CATIONS TO INCREASING RICE PRO-DUCTION. Ama, Agricultural Mechaniza-tion in Asia, Africa & Latin America, 52(1), 3165–3174.
Feryanto, Herawati, Rifin, A., & Tinaprilla, N. (2022). Does mechanization have an im-pact on increasing productivity and in-come of narrow land corn farmers in In-donesia? IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1107(1), 012054. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1107/1/012054
Guru, P. K., Borkar, N., Debnath, M., Chatterjee, D., Sivashankari, M., Saha, S., & Panda, B. (2018). Rice mechanization in India - key to enhance productivity and profitability. In H. Pathak, A. Nayak, M. Jena, O. SIngh, P. Samal, & S. Sharma (Eds.), Rice re-search for enhancing productivity, profit-ability and climate resilience (pp. 339–353). Cuttack: NRRI.
Hayami, Y., & Ruttan, V. W. (1985). Agricultur-al development : an international per-spective (2nd ed.). Johns Hopkins Univer-sity Press.
Heckman, J. J., Ichimura, H., & Todd, P. E. (1997). Matching As An Econometric Evaluation Estimator: Evidence from Evaluating a Job Training Programme. The Review of Economic Studies, 64(4), 605–654. https://doi.org/10.2307/2971733
Herdiansyah, H., Antriyandarti, E., Rosyada, A., Arista, N. I. D., Soesilo, T. E. B., & Ernawa-ti, N. (2023). Evaluation of Conventional and Mechanization Methods towards Precision Agriculture in Indonesia. Sus-tainability, 15(12), 9592. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129592
Houssou, N., & Chapoto, A. (2015). Adoption of farm mechanization, cropland expansion, and intensification in Ghana. Internation-al Association of Agricultural Economists (IAAE). Milan.
Kadir, K., & Prasetyo, O. R. (2022). Adoption of Agriculture Mechanization on Paddy Farmers in Indonesia: Demographic De-terminants, Internet Access Influence, and The Impact of Adoption on The Yield. Jurnal Aplikasi Statistika & Komputasi Statistik, 14(1), 118–130. https://doi.org/10.34123/jurnalasks.v14i1.392
Kementerian Pertanian. (2018). PEDOMAN TEKNIS PENGADAAN DAN PENYALURAN BANTUAN ALAT DAN MESIN PERTANIAN DIREKTORAT ALAT DAN MESIN PER-TANIAN. Jakarta.
Kementerian Pertanian. (2020a). Statistik La-han Pertanian Tahun 2015-2019. Jakarta.
Kementerian Pertanian. (2020b). Statistik Prasarana dan Sarana Pertanian 2015—2019. Jakarta.
Kementerian Pertanian. PETUNJUK TEKNIS PENYEDIAAN DAN PENY ALU-RAN BANTUAN ALAT DAN MESIN PER-TANIAN TAHUN ANGGARAN 2022. , Pub. L. No. 11/KPTS/SR.420/B/01/2022, Keputusan Direktur Jenderal Prasarana dan Sarana Pertanian (2021). Indonesia.
Khafidzin, A., & Istifadah, N. (2020). Transfor-masi Struktural di Jawa Timur : Pengaruh Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Sektoral ter-hadap Kemiskinan. Media Trend, 15(2), 275–282. https://doi.org/10.21107/mediatrend.v15i2.6789
Lisanty, N., Andajani, W., Pamudjiati, A. D., & Artini, W. (2021). Regional Overview of Food Security from Two Dimensions: Availability and Access to Food, East Java Province. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1899(1), 012067. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1899/1/012067
Magezi, E. F., Nakano, Y., & Sakurai, T. (2023). Mechanization in Tanzania: Impact of Tractorization on Intensification and Ex-tensification of Rice Farming. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8046-6_9
Mrema, G. C., Kienzle, J., & Mpagalile, J. J. (2018). Current Status and Future Pro-spects of Agricultural Mechanization in Sub-Saharan Africa [SSA]. Ama, Agricul-tural Mechanization in Asia, Africa & Lat-in America, 49(2), 14–30.
Nairobi, N., & Caroline, L. (2021). Analysis of Food Inflation in Java and Sumatra Is-lands. Indonesian Journal of Economics, Social, and Humanities, 3(2), 117–129. https://doi.org/10.31258/ijesh.3.2.117-129
Oktavia, H., Hanani, N., & Suhartini, S. (2016). Peran Sektor Pertanian dalam
Pembangunan Ekonomi di Provinsi Jawa Timur (Pendekatan Input-Output). HABI-TAT, 27(2), 72–84. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.habitat.2016.027.2.9
Pangesti, A. W., Darsono, D., & Antriyandarti, E. (2023). CAUSALITY ANALYSIS OF RICE PRICES WITH INFLATION RATE IN IN-DONESIA. Agrisocionomics: Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian, 7(3), 539–549. https://doi.org/10.14710/agrisocionomics.v7i3.16460
Peng, J., Zhao, Z., & Liu, D. (2022). Impact of Agricultural Mechanization on Agricul-tural Production, Income, and Mecha-nism: Evidence From Hubei Province, China. Frontiers in Environmental Sci-ence, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.838686
Pingali, P. (2007). Chapter 54 Agricultural Mechanization: Adoption Patterns and Economic Impact. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0072(06)03054-4
Pingali, P. L. (1997). From Subsistence to Commercial Production Systems: The Transformation of Asian Agriculture. American Journal of Agricultural Eco-nomics, 79(2), 628–634. https://doi.org/10.2307/1244162
Poole, N. (2017). Smallholder Agriculture and Market Participation. Rugby: PRACTICAL ACTION PUBLISHING. https://doi.org/10.3362/9781780449401
Prasada, I. M. Y., Dhamira, A., & Masyhuri. (2019). The potential loss of rice produc-tion due to wetland conversion in East Java. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 230, 012005. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/230/1/012005
Prasetyo, O. R., & Kadir. (2024). Does Govern-ment Assistance Increase the Yield of Food Crops in Indonesia? Jurnal Ekonomi Indonesia, 13(1), 25–41.
Prayoga, A., & Sutoyo. (2017). PRODUKTIVI-TAS DAN PENDAPATAN USAHATANI PADI SAWAH DAMPAK PROGRAM BAN-TUAN ALAT MESIN PERTANIAN, BENIH DAN PUPUK DI KABUPATEN MALANG PROVINSI JAWA TIMUR. Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Pertanian, 24(1).
Prayuginingsih, H., Fauzi, N. F., Badriyah, R., & Jannah, F. (2021). DAMPAK MEKANISASI PERTANIAN TERHADAP PEREKONOMI-AN ANGGOTA KELOMPOK TANI SUMBER REJEKI KECAMATAN BANGSALSARI, KABUPATEN JEMBER. Jurnal AGRISEP: Kajian Masalah Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian Dan Agribisnis, 20(2), 251–264. https://doi.org/10.31186/jagrisep.20.2.251-264
Rahmawati, Y., Ichsan, A. K. N., Brintanti, A. R. D., & Jamil, I. R. (2023). Geo-spatial anal-ysis: the impact of agriculture productivi-ty, drought, and irrigation on poverty in East Java, Indonesia. Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences, 16(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12076-023-00348-6
Rijk, A. G., & UN.ESCAP. (2005). Agricultural mechanization strategy. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12870/4681
Rosenbaum, P. R. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70(1), 41–55. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/70.1.41
Sharma, O., Sultan, A. A., Ding, H., & Triggle, C. R. (2020). A Review of the Progress and Challenges of Developing a Vaccine for COVID-19. Frontiers in Immunology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.585354
Syahyuti, Indraningsih, K. S., Swastika, D. K. S., Susilowati, S. H., & Suharyono, S. (2021). The role of stakeholders to support im-plementation of modern agricultural pro-grams. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 892(1), 012024. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/892/1/012024
Takahashi, K., & Barrett, C. B. (2014). The Sys-tem of Rice Intensification and its Impacts on Household Income and Child School-ing: Evidence from Rural Indonesia. American Journal of Agricultural Eco-nomics, 96(1), 269–289. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aat086
Takeshima, H. (2017). Custom‐hired tractor services and returns to scale in small-holder agriculture: a production function approach. Agricultural Economics, 48(3), 363–372. https://doi.org/10.1111/agec.12339
Verma, S. R. (2006). Impact of Agricultural Mechanization on Production, Productivi-ty,Cropping Intensity Income Generation and Employment of Labour. In STATUS OF FARM MECHANIZATION IN INDIA (pp. 133–153). Ludhiana: Punjab Agricultural University.
Weiner, D., Pingali, P., Bigot, Y., & Binswanger, H. P. (1988). Agricultural Mechanization and the Evolution of Farming Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa. Economic Geogra-phy, 64(4), 391. https://doi.org/10.2307/144242
Wulandari, D., Narmaditya, B. S., Prayitno, P. H., Ishak, S., Sahid, S., & Qodri, L. A. (2020). Nexus between Production Input and Price Commodity: An Integration Analysis of Rice Barns in East Java of In-donesia. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 7(10), 451–459. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no10.451