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Aug 11, 2025
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Aug 11, 2025
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Abstract
COVID-19, which began in early 2020, had an effect on various sectors, including an impact on the economies of many countries in the world and caused a recession in many countries in the world. The Indonesian government implemented a lockdown or PSBB to reduce the impact of COVID-19. This also impacts the Unemployment Rate. This study analyzes the impact of Lockdown on the Unemployment Rate with case studies in Bekasi and Bogor. Using Sakernas data from August 2019 and August 2020 and the Synthetic Control Method and DiD methods, the results show that the implementation of the PSBB in Bekasi Regency has a negative effect on individual work status of 0.1441 with a significance of 1%. In Bekasi City, the results obtained from the implementation of the PSBB are negative for individual work status of 0.155 with a significance of 1%. Meanwhile, in Bogor Regency and City, the results were not significant.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Hudi, M. F. A. (2025). Effect of Lockdown on Unemployment Empirical Studies on Bekasi and Bogor . Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Statistik Indonesia, 5(2), 271-285. https://doi.org/10.11594/jesi.05.02.04
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Umair, M., & Ullah, R. (2013). Impact of GDP and inflation on unemployment rate: A study of Pakistan economy in 2000-2010. International Review of Management and Business Research, 2(2), 388.
Abadie, A., Diamond, A., & Hainmueller, A. J. (2010). Synthetic control methods for comparative case studies: Estimating the effect of California’s Tobacco control program. Journal of the American Statis-tical Association, 105(490), 493–505. https://doi.org/10.1198/jasa.2009.ap08746
Abadie, A., & Gardeazabal, J. (2003). The eco-nomic costs of conflict: A case study of the Basque country. American Economic Review, 93(1), 113–132. https://doi.org/10.1257/000282803321455188
Ahmed, Maruf Yakubu, Sarkodie, Samuel Asumadu, (2021). Counterfactual shock in energy commodities affects stock mar-ket dynamics: Evidence from the United States. Resources Policy 72 (August 2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102083.
Agarwal, S., & Qian, W. (2014). Shocks : Evi-dence from a Natural Experiment in Sin-gapore. American Economic Review, 104(12), 4205–4230.
Arthur M. Okun, (1970). The Political Econo-my of Prosperity. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2019). Berita Resmi Statistik, Keadaan Ketenagakerjaan In-donesia Agustus 2019. Jakarta : BPS
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2020). Berita Resmi Statistik, Keadaan Ketenagakerjaan In-donesia Agustus 2020. Jakarta : BPS
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2021). Berita Resmi Statistik, Keadaan Ketenagakerjaan In-donesia Agustus 2021. Jakarta : BPS
Barro, Robert J. (2022) Vaccination rates and COVID-19 outcomes across US states.
Bauer, Anja., Enzo Weber (2021) COVID-19: how much unemployment was caused by the shutdown in Germany?
Card, D., & Krueger, A. B. (2000). Minimum Wages and Employment: A Case Study of the Fast-Food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania: Reply. The American Eco-nomic Review, 90(5), 1397–1420. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2677856
Cunningham, S. (2018). Causal Inference: The Mixtape: Vol. V 1.7 (V 1.7). Yale Universi-ty Press. tufte-latex.googlecode.com.
Eichenbaum, Martin S., Sergio Rebelo, and Ma-thias Trabandt (2020) ‘The Macroeco-nomics of Epidemics.’ NBER Working Pa-per No. 26882. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
Gilarso. 2004. Pengantar Ilmu Ekonomi Mak-ro.Kanisius.Yogyakarta
Goodman-Bacon, A., & Marcus, J. (2020). Using difference-in-differences to identify caus-al effects of COVID-19 policies. Survey Research Methods, 14(2), 153–158. https://doi.org/10.18148/srm/2020.v14i2.7723
Gultom, Y. M. L. (2019). Governance structures and efficiency in the US electricity sector after the market restructuring and de-regulation. Energy policy, 129, 1008-1019. ISSN 0301-4215 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.02.005
Habibullah, Muzafar Shah., Saari, Mohd Yusof., Safuan, Sugiharso., Din, Badariah Haji., Mahomed, Anuar Shah Bali. (2021) Loss of Employment, Lockdown Measures and Government Responses in Malaysia Dur-ing the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Note
Harris, A. D., Bradham, D. D., Baumgarten, M., Zuckerman, I. H., Fink, J. C., & Perence-vich, E. N. (2004). The use and interpreta-tion of quasi-experimental studies in in-fectious diseases. Clinical Infectious Dis-eases, 38(11), 1586–1591. https://doi.org/10.1086/420936
Khandker, S., Gayatri, S., & Hussain, K. (2010). Handbook on Impact. Vol. 1, Issue 1. http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/650951468335456749/pdf/520990PUB0EPI1101Official0Use0Only1.pdf
Suryadi, Asep., Ridho Al Izzati., Daniel Suryadarma (2020) The Impact of COVID-19 Outbreak on Poverty: An Estimation for Indonesia
Svabova, Lucia., Zdenko Metzker., Tomasz Pi-sula (2020) Development of Unemploy-ment in Slovakia in the Context of the Covid-19 Pandemic
McClelland, R., & Gault, S. (2017). The Synthet-ic Control Method as a Tool to Under-stand State Policy. March, 223–224.
Mustari, Nuryanti (2015) Pemahaman Ke-bijakan Publik.
Munawar, Hafiz Suliman., Sara Imran Khan., Fahim Ullah., Abbas Z. Kouzani., M. A. Parvez Mahmud (2021) Effects of COVID-19 on the Australian Economy: Insights into the Mobility and Unemployment Rates in Education and Tourism Sectors
Republik Indonesia. Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2013 tentang Ketenagakerjaan.
Republik Indonesia. Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2018 tentang tentang Kekaranti-naan Kesehatan.
Republik Indonesia. Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 21 Tahun 2020 tentang Pembata-san Sosial Berskala Besar Dalam Rangka Percepatan Penanganan Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid-19).
Republik Indonesia. Keputusan Presiden No-mor 11 Tahun 2020 Tentang Penetapan Kedaruratan Kesehatan Masyarakat Co-rona Virus Disease 2o19 (Covid-19).
Republik Indonesia. Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 9 Tahun 2020 Tentang Pedoman Pembata-san Sosial Berskala Besar Dalam Rangka Percepatan Penanganan Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid-19).
Republik Indonesia. Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor HK.01.07/Menkes/239/2020 tentang Penetapan pembatasan sosial berskala besar di Wilayah Provinsi DKI Jakarta da-lam rangka percepatan penanganan Co-rona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid-19).
Republik Indonesia. Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor HK.01.07/Menkes/260/2020 Tentang Penetapan Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar Di Wilayah Provinsi Sumatera Bar-at Dalam Rangka Percepatan Pe-nanganan Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid-19).
Republik Indonesia. Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor HK.01.07/Menkes/279/2020 Tahun 2020 Tentang Penetapan Pembatasan So-sial Berskala Besar Di Wilayah Provinsi Gorontalo Dalam Rangka Percepatan Pe-nanganan Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid-19).
Republik Indonesia. Keputusan Gubernur Ban-ten Nomor 443/Kep.214-Huk/2020 Ten-tang Penetapan Perpanjangan Pembata-san Sosial Berskala Besar Di Provinsi Banten Dalam Rangka Percepatan Pe-nanganan Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid-19).
Umair, M., & Ullah, R. (2013). Impact of GDP and inflation on unemployment rate: A study of Pakistan economy in 2000-2010. International Review of Management and Business Research, 2(2), 388.